{"id":473,"date":"2025-07-07T08:21:22","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T08:21:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/intertaggroup.551.co.il\/?page_id=473"},"modified":"2025-07-07T08:30:16","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T08:30:16","slug":"tecnicas-de-manejo-agronomico-ecologico","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/es\/tecnicas-de-manejo-agronomico-ecologico\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e9cnicas de Manejo Agron\u00f3mico Ecol\u00f3gico:\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"473\" class=\"elementor elementor-473\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6c78d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6a6c78d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5590a1af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5590a1af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428662e8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"428662e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Untitled-design-87.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-475\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Untitled-design-87.png 940w, https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Untitled-design-87-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Untitled-design-87-768x644.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2df332d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2df332d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12814e00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12814e00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotaci\u00f3n y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">asociaci\u00f3n de cultivos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diversificaci\u00f3n para control de plagas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mejora <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del suelo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nutrici\u00f3n equilibrada.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coberturas <\/span><b>vegetales y <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abonos verdes<\/span><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>protecci\u00f3n y <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enriquecimiento de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">los <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manejo <\/span><b>integrado <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de plagas <\/span><b>(<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MIP<\/span><b>): uso <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>control biol\u00f3gico<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, trampas, feromonas <\/span><b>y productos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">naturales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Labranza <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de conservaci\u00f3n: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m\u00ednimo o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cero <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">laboreos <\/span><b>para <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">preservar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">humedad y estructura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asociaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultivos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en Sistemas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agr\u00edcolas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y Frutales\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamento t\u00e9cnico<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agron\u00f3mico\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos es <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">una de las pr\u00e1cticas m\u00e1s antiguas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">efectivas para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mantener la fertilidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prevenir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acumulaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pat\u00f3genos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especificas, y preservar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la estructura fisica del suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiste <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en alternar, de forma <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planificada, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especies <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agr\u00edcolas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diferentes exigencias nutricionales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sistemas radiculares<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, familias <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bot\u00e1nicas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y periodos de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">un mismo lote, en secuencias <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anuales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plurianuales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La <\/span><b>asociaci\u00f3n de <\/b><b>cultivos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">implica la siembra <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simult\u00e1nea o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">escalonada <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o m\u00e1s <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especies vegetales en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">un <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mismo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">terreno <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">parcelas adyacentes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aprovechando <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interacciones ecol\u00f3gicas positivas como la fijaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nitr\u00f3geno<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, la cobertura del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el control <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">natural <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">malezas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la optimizaci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">espacio<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">luz <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agua<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos anuales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En sistemas agr\u00edcolas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extensivos e intensivos de cultivos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anuales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pr\u00e1cticas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permiten<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interrumpir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">los <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biol\u00f3gicos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas (Ej.: gusano cogollero en ma\u00edz) y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pat\u00f3genos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de suelo (Ej.: Fusarium en tomate)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presi\u00f3n de malezas por <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alternancia de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetal<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aprovechar cultivos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mejoradores, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">las <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">leguminosas (soya<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vicia)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que aportan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nitr\u00f3geno y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ejemplos operativos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ma\u00edz <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192 <\/span><b>soya <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192 <\/span><b>avena <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192 <\/span><b>arveja <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rotaci\u00f3n cl\u00e1sica extensiva)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asociaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de ma\u00edz + <\/span><b>frijol <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(que <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trepa sobre el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ma\u00edz<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) + calabaza <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(que <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cubre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el suelo) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sistema <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">milpa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asociaci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tomate + <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">albahaca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+ <\/span><b>cebolla<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">donde la albahaca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">repele <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">insectos y cebolla desincentiva nematodos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frutales\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sistemas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de frutales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perennes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aunque no <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">es <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">posible <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rotaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del cultivo principal, s\u00ed <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">puede aplicarse rotaci\u00f3n y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">asociaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivos <\/span><b>de <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">servicio en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">las calles entre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hileras, bordes y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">franjas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perimetrales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coberturas:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alternar gram\u00edneas (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">centeno, avena, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ryegrass<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">leguminosas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(tr\u00e9bol, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vicia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en calles <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bordes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporar especies arom\u00e1ticas o repelentes (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calendula, romero, albahaca) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclos alternos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asociaci\u00f3n de plantas acompa\u00f1antes:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tagetes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erecta <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir poblaciones <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nematodos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en c\u00edtricos y carozo. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tr\u00e9bol <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">subterr\u00e1neo en vid, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para fijaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de nitr\u00f3geno y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">supresi\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">malezas. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentha <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">piperita (menta<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Origanum vulgare (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or\u00e9gano<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">olivo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">repelentes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de mosca del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">olivo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventajas y beneficios agron\u00f3micos\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica por diversidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">radicular<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremento de materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mediante residuos vegetales variados. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">natural <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas y enfermedades por interrupci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bi\u00f3ticos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n de uso de herbicidas y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pesticidas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Est\u00edmulo de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la actividad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biol\u00f3gica del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora de la cobertura vegetal y reducci\u00f3n de erosi\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremento de biodiversidad funcional y estabilidad productiva.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Criterios <\/b><b>de planificaci\u00f3n <\/b><b>operacional\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alternar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especies <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">distinta familia bot\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evitar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especializaci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pat\u00f3genos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asociar especies de diferente profundidad radicular y velocidad de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">desarrollo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Programar rotaciones <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4 a\u00f1os en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anuales, y ciclos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bianuales de coberturas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frutales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elegir cultivos de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura adaptados a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">las condiciones <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">edafoclim\u00e1ticas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">locales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respetar periodos cr\u00edticos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del cultivo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">principal para evitar competencia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">por <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agua o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">luz<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporar cultivos mejoradores como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">leguminosas cada dos ciclos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicadores <\/b><b>de <\/b><b>seguimiento\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contenido de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y despu\u00e9s <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">los <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00famero de especies vegetales por unidad de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficie<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidencia de plagas y enfermedades monitoreadas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biomasa a\u00e9rea y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">radicular de cultivos asociados.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si te parece bien este <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">modelo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ampliado, te <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lo sigo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructurando con el mismo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enfoque para<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coberturas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abonos verdes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manejo integrado de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MIP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labranza de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conservaci\u00f3n\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frutales\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coberturas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetales y Abonos Verdes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sistemas Agr\u00edcolas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Fundamento <\/b><b>t\u00e9cnico<\/b><b>&#8211;<\/b><b>ed\u00e1fico\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Las <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coberturas vegetales y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">los <\/span><b>abonos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">verdes son pr\u00e1cticas agroecol\u00f3gicas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">esenciales para la protecci\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">restauraci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y manejo sostenible <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de los suelos agr\u00edcolas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y frut\u00edcolas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ambas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estrategias <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">consisten en establecer cultivos transitorios o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permanentes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sobre la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficie <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica, cuya finalidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">no es su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cosecha, sino <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">su funci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ecol\u00f3gica: proteger el suelo, conservar la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">humedad, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mejorar su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fertilidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">natural <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y estimular <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biodiversidad del sistema.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coberturas <\/span><b>vegetales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: cultivos o vegetaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">espont\u00e1nea que <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">se mantiene viva <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cubriendo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el suelo para prevenir erosi\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir evaporaci\u00f3n, controlar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">malezas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, conservar nutrientes y fomentar la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fauna <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica ben\u00e9fica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Abonos verdes: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivos sembrados con el objetivo de incorporarlos al suelo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">floraci\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mejorando <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el contenido de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica, la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f\u00edsica del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suministro <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">natural de nitr\u00f3geno <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">otros nutrientes. Leguminosas como vicia, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lupino o gram\u00edneas como avena <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">centeno son especialmente valiosas por <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r\u00e1pido crecimiento y aporte de biomasa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos anuales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><b>cultivos <\/b><b>extensivos <\/b><b>e intensivos <\/b><b>anuales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, las coberturas y abonos verdes se <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">utilizan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre campa\u00f1as o como cultivos intercalados <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivos de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">verano <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">invierno<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ejemplos<\/b><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Avena <\/b><b>+ vicia <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">despu\u00e9s de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cosecha <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ma\u00edz<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para cobertura invernal <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y posterior incorporaci\u00f3n antes de soya.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Centeno o <\/b><b>ryegrass <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en primavera antes de papa o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trigo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uso de <\/span><b>tr\u00e9bol <\/b><b>subterr\u00e1neo <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blanco como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura viva en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivos\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hortalizas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para suprimir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">malezas y fijar nitr\u00f3geno.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ventajas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremento <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica (hasta 25-35<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en 3 a\u00f1os<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control biol\u00f3gico de malezas anuales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora de infiltraci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retenci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hidrica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n de compactaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficial<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en cultivos frutales\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En frutales perennes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uso de coberturas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetales y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abonos verdes en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calles <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hileras<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, bordes, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">franjas amortiguadoras <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">per\u00edmetros permite conservar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mejorar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fertilidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y actuar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como h\u00e1bitat <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enemigos naturales de plagas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coberturas permanentes<\/span><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Centeno<\/span><b>, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ryegrass<\/span><b>, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol, dactylis <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hileras de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vid <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o carozo. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tr\u00e9bol <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">subterr\u00e1neo <\/span><b>o <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">festuca en plantaciones de c\u00edtricos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abonos <\/span><b>verdes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rotativos<\/span><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vicia <\/span><b>villosa <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+ <\/span><b>avena <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en calles de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">olivo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, incorporados <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de la brotaci\u00f3n. <\/span><b>Phacelia <\/b><b>tanacetifolia <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como cobertura de primavera en vi\u00f1edos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventajas<\/span><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protecci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contra erosi\u00f3n h\u00eddrica y e\u00f3lica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(80-95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% de reducci\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aporte <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nitr\u00f3geno <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(leguminosas: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hasta 150 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kg <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ha<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/a\u00f1o)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremento de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infiltraci\u00f3n (30-40% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">respecto a suelo desnudo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Control natural de malezas y reducci\u00f3n de nematodos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Criterios operativos\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seleccionar especies adaptadas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a clima<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tipo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00e9poca y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">requerimientos del cultivo principal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sembrar abonos verdes despu\u00e9s de cosecha o en per\u00edodos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">receso\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetativo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporar abonos verdes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">floraci\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mantener coberturas vegetales sin laboreo o con cortes peri\u00f3dicos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evitar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especies <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">puedan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actuar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como hospederas de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del cultivo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Consideraciones espec\u00edficas:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En frutales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, evitar especies gram\u00edneas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">invasoras como gram\u00f3n o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">digitaria. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c\u00edtricos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">preferir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol subterr\u00e1neo, calendula y tagetes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">control de nematodos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicadores <\/b><b>de seguimiento\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biomasa producida <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(t\/ha)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contenido de materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infiltraci\u00f3n hidrica (mm<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/h)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidencia de malezas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niveles <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nitr\u00f3geno <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mineralizable. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodiversidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">macrofauna ed\u00e1fica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 <\/span><b>Manejo Integrado de Plagas <\/b><b>(MIP) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sistemas <\/span><b>Agr\u00edcolas <\/b><b>y <\/b><b>Frutales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Fundamento <\/b><b>t\u00e9cnico<\/b><b>&#8211;<\/b><b>fitopatol\u00f3gico\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El <\/span><b>Manejo <\/b><b>Integrado de <\/b><b>Plagas <\/b><b>(MIP) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">es <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">un enfoque fitosanitario que busca mantener las poblaciones de plagas por debajo de niveles de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">da\u00f1o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">econ\u00f3mico <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sin <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depender <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exclusivamente <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de plaguicidas sint\u00e9ticos, priorizando m\u00e9todos biol\u00f3gicos. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">culturales, f\u00edsicos, mec\u00e1nicos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, como \u00faltimo recurso, qu\u00edmicos selectivos y de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bajo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">impacto <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ambiental<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Se <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fundamenta en el conocimiento ecol\u00f3gico de las interacciones <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivos, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enemigos naturales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">condiciones ambientales. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EI MIP act\u00faa mediante monitoreo <\/span><b>sistem\u00e1tico<\/b><b>, establecimiento de umbrales de da\u00f1o <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">econ\u00f3mico <\/span><b>(<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UDE) y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la implementaci\u00f3n de m\u00e9todos de control combinados.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos anuales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><b>cultivos <\/b><b>extensivos <\/b><b>e <\/b><b>intensivos <\/b><b>anuales <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ma\u00edz<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, soya, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trigo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">papa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o tomate<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MIP permite <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir significativamente <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uso de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">insecticidas, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">disminuyendo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presi\u00f3n de resistencia de plagas y protegiendo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la fauna ben\u00e9fica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Pr\u00e1cticas <\/b><b>frecuentes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Monitoreo <\/b><b>semanal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">con trampas adhesivas, trampas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">luz y control visual<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Uso <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><b>feromonas <\/b><b>sexuales <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para confusi\u00f3n o captura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">masiva (Ej.: Spodoptera frugiperda en ma\u00edz)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><b>Control <\/b><b>biol\u00f3gico <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mediante <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liberaci\u00f3n de parasitoides <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Trichogramma <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contra lepidopteros) y depredadores <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coccinellidae <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contra \u00e1fidos)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aplicaci\u00f3n de <\/span><b>extractos vegetales <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Neem, ajo, piretrinas naturales) en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hortalizas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eliminaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de residuos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y rotaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de cultivos para romper <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclos biol\u00f3gicos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ejemplo operativo:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultivo de tomate<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: monitoreo con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trampas adhesivas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192\u2192 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liberaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encarsia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">formosa contra mosca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blanca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192\u2192\u2192 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aplicaci\u00f3n de extracto <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de Neem <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">al 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brotes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tiernos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos frutales\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frutales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perennes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el MIP adquiere a\u00fan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mayor <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relevancia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">por la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permanencia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultivo y su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prolongada <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exposici\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a plagas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">multianuales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pr\u00e1cticas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recomendadas<\/span><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instalaci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trampas <\/span><b>de feromonas <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">monitoreo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y captura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Ej<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lobesia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">botrana <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en vid, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ceratitis capitata <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frutales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de carozo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Refugios y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fajas de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetaci\u00f3n asociada <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><b>conservaci\u00f3n de <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fauna auxiliar. <\/span><b>Liberaciones de controladores biol\u00f3gicos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plantaciones <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de c\u00edtricos (Chrysoperla carnea <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contra <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minadores de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hoja)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aplicaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><b>aceite de Neem <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><b>jab\u00f3n pot\u00e1sico <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en mosca blanca <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cochinillas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanitarias <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y eliminaci\u00f3n de frutos ca\u00eddos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir reservorios. Plantaci\u00f3n de <\/span><b>tagetes, cal\u00e9ndula, albahaca <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calles y per\u00edmetros como <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">repelentes naturales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y h\u00e1bitat <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ben\u00e9ficos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ejemplo operativo<\/b><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vi\u00f1edos: monitoreo con feromonas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+ <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liberaci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trichogramma cacoeciae <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192\u2192\u2192 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instalaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de bandas adhesivas contra carpocapsa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192\u2192 cobertura con tr\u00e9bol y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phacelia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como refugio de enemigos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">naturales<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ventajas agron\u00f3micas\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control efectivo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plagas sin dependencia de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">insecticidas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preservaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de enemigos naturales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aparici\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resistencia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora de biodiversidad y estabilidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ecol\u00f3gica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Producci\u00f3n libre de residuos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qu\u00edmicos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Posibilidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acceso <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a certificaciones org\u00e1nicas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o Global <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GAP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Criterios <\/b><b>operativos\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definir umbrales <\/span><b>de da\u00f1o econ\u00f3mico <\/b><b>(UDE) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cada cultivo y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plaga<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Realizar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">monitoreo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">semanal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrar m\u00e9todos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de control biol\u00f3gico<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cultural y f\u00edsico<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Priorizar productos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de origen <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biol\u00f3gico <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extractos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capacitar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">al personal en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">identificaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de enemigos naturales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluar poblaci\u00f3n de plagas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y ben\u00e9ficos antes y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">despu\u00e9s <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de intervenciones.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indicadores de seguimiento\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Densidad poblacional <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de plagas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(individuos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trampa\/semana)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Porcentaje <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de frutos o plantas afectados.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00famero de enemigos naturales detectados.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aplicaciones qu\u00edmicas (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% respecto <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a ciclo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anterior<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nivel <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">residuos fitosanitarios en cosecha<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Labranza de Conservaci\u00f3n en Sistemas\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Agr\u00edcolas <\/b><b>y Frutales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Fundamento <\/b><b>t\u00e9cnico<\/b><b>-ed\u00e1fico\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La <\/span><b>labranza de conservaci\u00f3n <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">es un <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conjunto de pr\u00e1cticas agron\u00f3micas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que limitan la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perturbaci\u00f3n del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo, preservan su estructura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f\u00edsica, conservan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vegetal y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">favorecen <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la actividad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biol\u00f3gica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Contrasta <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">laboreo convencional <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intensivo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genera degradaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructural<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, erosi\u00f3n, p\u00e9rdida de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica y compactaci\u00f3n sub<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">concepto incluye t\u00e9cnicas como:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Siembra <\/b><b>directa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">siembra <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sin <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remoci\u00f3n previa del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Labranza m\u00ednima<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intervenci\u00f3n superficial localizada.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Labranza en <\/b><b>franjas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: remoci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">parcial solo en la l\u00ednea de siembra<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Su <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">objetivo es mantener residuos vegetales sobre la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficie, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">promover la infiltraci\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir p\u00e9rdidas de humedad y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">controlar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erosi\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en <\/b><b>cultivos anuales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En cultivos anuales, estas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t\u00e9cnicas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permiten <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducir <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">significativamente la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erosi\u00f3n, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conservar humedad y disminuir costos de laboreo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modalidades comunes<\/span><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Siembra directa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">soya, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ma\u00edz<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trigo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">girasol sobre rastrojos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labranza m\u00ednima <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de papa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hortalizas pesadas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Labranza en franjas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en cultivos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">como sorgo y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">algod\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventajas<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infiltraci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">h\u00eddrica (20-40% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superior <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo desnudo)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de erosi\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">h\u00eddrica y e\u00f3lica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(60-90%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mayor contenido <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica (+0,2-0,5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anual<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremento <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actividad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lombrices <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y microorganismos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ejemplo <\/span><b>operativo<\/b><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotaci\u00f3n trigo-soya en siembra directa sobre cobertura de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">avena-vicia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2192\u2192\u2192 control de malezas con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">viva y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m\u00ednima aplicaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de herbicida.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Aplicaci\u00f3n en cultivos frutales\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frutales <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perennes, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">labranza <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conservaci\u00f3n se aplica mediante manejo <\/span><b>de <\/b><b>coberturas <\/b><b>vegetales vivas o muertas <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en calles <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hileras, con m\u00ednimo laboreo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superficial cuando es necesario, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evitando <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remoci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">masiva <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Pr\u00e1cticas <\/b><b>recomendadas<\/b><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Siembra <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><b>centeno<\/b><b>, <\/b><b>tr\u00e9bol <\/b><b>subterr\u00e1neo, festuca <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o ryegrass en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calles<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Mantenimiento de cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">viva<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, con cortes peri\u00f3dicos o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aplastamiento <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rodillo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evitar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remociones en los primeros <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cm.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporaci\u00f3n puntual de abonos verdes con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">labranza m\u00ednima antes de\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">floraci\u00f3n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control mec\u00e1nico o <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">manual de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">malezas en zonas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cercanas al tronco<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ejemplos pr\u00e1cticos<\/b><b>:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><b>vid y <\/b><b>olivo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">labranza <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m\u00ednima <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calle una vez al a\u00f1o, manteniendo\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura natural <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o sembrada.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En <\/span><b>c\u00edtricos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura permanente de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tr\u00e9bol y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">avena, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">con <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cortes para <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">muerta.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ventajas <\/b><b>agron\u00f3micas <\/b><b>y ed\u00e1ficas\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conservaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estructura y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">porosidad del <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suelo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mejora <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de macro y microfauna <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ed\u00e1fica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disminuci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de compactaci\u00f3n superficial<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conservaci\u00f3n de humedad ed\u00e1fica (hasta 30<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">superior)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducci\u00f3n de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">costos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">operativos (combustible<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, maquinaria). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aumento sostenido <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criterios <\/span><b>operativos\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evitar labranzas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">profundas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">innecesarias.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Planificar coberturas vegetales seg\u00fan estaci\u00f3n y necesidades del cultivo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utilizar sembradoras <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">siembra directa o implementos <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">livianos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mantener cobertura vegetal superior <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">al 30-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">% de la superficie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlar malezas con cobertura<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cortes y herbicidas selectivos autorizados <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">si es <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">necesario.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Consideraciones espec\u00edficas <\/b><b>en frutales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evitar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">laboreo en suelos con pendiente superior <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">al 5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">%; preferir cobertura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permanente <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de gram\u00edneas <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y leguminosas en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calles<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indicadores de seguimiento\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contenido de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">materia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">org\u00e1nica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(%)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Infiltraci\u00f3n h\u00eddrica <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mm<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/h)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Densidad <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aparente (g\/cm3)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Porcentaje de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cobertura vegetal (%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presencia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n\u00famero de lombrices<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/m2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidencia de erosi\u00f3n superficial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2307baf3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2307baf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-weight-semibold\">Ing.Agr. Mario H.Podliszewski<\/div><div class=\"blog-post1-header_date-wrapper\"><div class=\"text-size-small\">20\/7\/25<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659d185e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"659d185e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6baf96ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6baf96ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e9cnicas de Manejo Agron\u00f3mico Ecol\u00f3gico: \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f99505 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71f99505\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1326514f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1326514f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">For more articles\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70655630 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"70655630\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3271f8ed elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3271f8ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">We will be happy to be in touch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40827978 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40827978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leave us details and we will get back to you as soon as possible<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a5d2ca0 elementor-button-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"2a5d2ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;60&quot;,&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"New Form\" aria-label=\"New Form\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"473\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"2a5d2ca0\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"T\u00e9cnicas de Manejo Agron\u00f3mico Ecol\u00f3gico:\u00a0 -\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"473\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-33\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tName\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-tel elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_2574c15 elementor-col-33 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_2574c15\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhone\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"tel\" name=\"form_fields[field_2574c15]\" id=\"form-field-field_2574c15\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Phone\" required=\"required\" pattern=\"[0-9()#&amp;+*-=.]+\" title=\"Solo se aceptan n\u00fameros y caracteres de tel\u00e9fono (#,-,*,etc).\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-66 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Email\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-60 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-lg\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":475,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-473","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>T\u00e9cnicas de Manejo Agron\u00f3mico Ecol\u00f3gico:\u00a0 -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Claro, aqu\u00ed tienes una versi\u00f3n en solo tres l\u00edneas:---Las t\u00e9cnicas de manejo agron\u00f3mico ecol\u00f3gico promueven una agricultura m\u00e1s sostenible.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intertaggroup.com\/es\/tecnicas-de-manejo-agronomico-ecologico\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" 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